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By G. terHooft
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Sample text
The second reason for appealing to a range of conceivable variants in defining adaptation has considerable metaphysical interest, especially as a case study in the problems of causation. On the nonhistorical approach, to ask whether human eyes are adaptations is to ask whether they make a causal contribution to fitness, and if so, what that contribution is. ’ The problem is that this question has many plausible answers. We might say that vision is so important that if we had no eyes, we would have some other kind of sensory apparatus instead.
Frequencies of the genotypes after selection equals the average fit And we ness for the population, that is, p2 wAA þ 2pqwAa þ q2 waa ¼ w. have as the mathematical relation between the allele frequencies and the genotype frequencies AA : p2 wAA w Aa : 2pqwAa w aa : q2 waa w We may then compute the postselection frequencies of A and a, which are designated as p0 and q0 , respectively: p0 ¼ p2 wAA þ pqwAa w q0 ¼ pqwAa þ q2 waa w From these equations, the outcome of selection can be deduced: For instance, if p > p0 , where p ¼ [(p2 þ 2pq) / 2], then selection is acting to decrease the frequency of allele A in the next generation.
Frequencies of the genotypes after selection equals the average fit And we ness for the population, that is, p2 wAA þ 2pqwAa þ q2 waa ¼ w. have as the mathematical relation between the allele frequencies and the genotype frequencies AA : p2 wAA w Aa : 2pqwAa w aa : q2 waa w We may then compute the postselection frequencies of A and a, which are designated as p0 and q0 , respectively: p0 ¼ p2 wAA þ pqwAa w q0 ¼ pqwAa þ q2 waa w From these equations, the outcome of selection can be deduced: For instance, if p > p0 , where p ¼ [(p2 þ 2pq) / 2], then selection is acting to decrease the frequency of allele A in the next generation.